Governança em cenários de escassez hídrica
PDF

Keywords

hydrological interdependence
hydropolitical complexes
Jordan River Basin
Southern Africa
water scarcity

How to Cite

de Queiroz, F. A., & Tiburcio, J. A. P. (2019). Governança em cenários de escassez hídrica: uma análise comparada dos Complexos Hidropolíticos da África Meridional e da Bacia do Rio Jordão. Political Observer | Revista Portuguesa De Ciência Política (Portuguese Journal of Political Science), (9), 111–137. https://doi.org/10.33167/2184-2078.RPCP2018.9/pp.111-137

Abstract

Water is an increasingly scarce resource. One of the most noteworthy discursive features of the last decades has been a growing awareness of water-related issues as a critically important component for regional stability. This situation helps to explain why, in many cases, water management involves political, economic, social, environmental and even military issues. But, in what intensity? This article analyzes the cases of Southern Africa and the Jordan River Basin due to their prevailing condition of water scarcity. In order to verify the role developed by the mechanisms of governance in accommodating the interests of the riparian states, the Hydropolitical Complexes Theory was applied. Inferences demonstrated a trend towards cooperation in Southern Africa that is due to the successful institutionalization of management mechanisms capable of minimizing potential for conflicts. On the other hand, in the Jordan Basin, the struggle to control water resources has been a significant factor in sustaining tension among riparian countries.

https://doi.org/10.33167/2184-2078.RPCP2018.9/pp.111-137
PDF

References

Abukhater, A. (2013). Water as a catalyst for peace: Transboundary water management and conflict resolution. New York: Routledge.

Allan, J.A. (2001). The Middle East water question: Hydropolitics and the global economy. London: I. B. Tauris & Co.

Allan, T. (2002). Water resources in semi-arid regions: real deficits and economically invisible and politically silent solutions. In A. R. Turton & E. Henwood (Eds.) Hydropolitics in the developing world: A southern African perspective (pp. 23-36). Pretoria: African Water Issues Research Unit (AWIRU).

Bernauer, T. & Boehmelt, T. (in press). Basins at Risk – Predicting international river Basin conflict and cooperation. Global environmental politics. Available at <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2365782> (acesso em jan. 2016).

B’TSELEM (2016). Israel cut back on the already inadequate water supply to Palestinians. The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories. Available at <http://www.btselem.org/water/201609_israel_cut_back_supply>.

Bickerton, I. J. & Klausner, C. L. (2014). A History of the Arab-Israeli conflict. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Limited.

Buzan, B., Wæver, O. & De Wilde, J. (1998). Security: a new framework for analysis. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Carvalho, T. L. (2013). A disponibilidade dos recursos hídricos no contexto do conflito entre Palestina e Israel. Conjuntura Internacional. Available at <https://pucminasconjuntura.wordpress.com/2013/06/24/a-disponibilidade-dos-recursos-hidricos-no-contexto-do-conflito-entre-palestina-e-israel/>.

Castro, J. E. (2007). Water governance in the twentieth-first century. Ambiente e Sociedade, 10(2), 97-118.

Caubet, C. G. (2006). A Água Doce nas Relações Internacionais. São Paulo: Manole.

Clarke, R. & King, J. (2005). O atlas da água. São Paulo: Publifolha.

Elhance, A. P. (1999). Hydropolitics in the third world: conflict and cooperation in international rivers. Washington: US Institute of Peace.

Elmusa, S. (1998). Toward a unified management regime in the Jordan Basin: The Johnston Plan revisited. Transformations of Middle Eastern Natural Environments: Legacies and Lessons, 103, 297-313.

ESCWA & BGR (UN Economic and Social Commission for West Asia; Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe). (2013). Inventory of shared water resources in Western Asia. New York: United Nations. Available at (accessed: 2 April 2015).

Gleditsch, N.P., Furlong, K., Hegre, H., Lacina, B. & Owen, T. (2006). Conflicts over shared rivers: Resource wars or fuzzy boundaries? Political Geography, 25(4), 361–382.

Handcock, A. (2004).Water Conflict: A critical analysis of the role of water in the Middle East. Available at <http://www.amcips.org/PDF_books/BookIV19.pdf>

Heyns, P. (2002). Interbasin transfer of water between SADC countries: A Development challenge for the future. In A.R. Turton & R. Henwood (Eds.) Hydropolitics in the developing world: a southern african perspective. Pretoria: African Water Issues Research Unit (AWIRU).

IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development). (2015). Routing revenue from hydropower dams to deliver local development. IIED Briefing.

Jaiantilal, D. (2007). A área de comércio livre na SADC e o Desenvolvimento em Moçambique, com referência ao caso da Agricultura: A carroça em frente aos bois? Paper presented at Conferência de Comemoração dos 10 Anos da Lei de Terras, Maputo.

Kaniaru, W. (2010). A critical assessment of hydropolitics in southern africa: water as a potential factor for conflict and a challenge for co-operation in Southern Africa. Lambert Academic Publishing.

Kaniaru, W. (2015). From scarcity to security: Water as a potential factor for conflict and cooperation in Southern Africa. South African Journal of International Affairs, 22(3), 380-396.

Keohane, R. & Nye, J. (1989). Power and interdependence (2nd ed.). New York: Harper Collins Publishers.

Le Prestre, P. (2000). Ecopolítica Internacional. São Paulo: Senac.

Lindholm, H. (1995). Water and the Arab-Israeli conflict. In L. Ohlsson (Ed.), Hydropolitics: Conflicts over water as a development constraint. London: Zed Books.

Magnoli, D. (1996). O mundo contemporâneo: Relações Internacionais 1945-2000. São Paulo: Moderna.

Marton, P. & Szálkai, K. (2017). Against the current: deconstructing the upstream/downstream binary in hydropolitical security complexes. New Perspectives: Interdisciplinary Journal of Central & East European Politics and International Relations, 25(3), 1-27.

Messerschmid, C. & Selby, J. (2015). Misrepresenting the Jordan River basin. Water Alternatives, 8(2), 258-279.

Ohlsson, L. (1995). Introduction: The role of water and the origins of conflict. In L. Ohlsson (Ed.), Hydropolitics: Conflicts over water as a development constraint. London: Zed Books.

OKACOM (Okavango River Basin Water Commission) (2015). The Okavango River Basin Steering Committee (OBSC). OKACOM The Permanent Okarango River Basin Water Comission. Available at <http://www.okacom.org/okacom-commission/obsc> (acesso em Junho 2015).

Palestinian Water Authority. (2013). Status report of water resources in the occupied state of Palestine – 2012. Ramallah: State of Palestine.

Plummer, R., Crona, B., Armitage, D. R., Olsson, P., Tengo, M. & Yudina, O. (2012). Adaptive co-management: a systematic review and analysis. Ecology and Society, 17(3).

Queiroz, F. A. (2012). Hidropolítica e segurança: as Bacias Platina e Amazônica em perspectiva comparada. Brasília: MRE/FUNAG. Available at <http://funag.gov.br/loja/download/932-HidropolItica_e_Seguranca.pdf>.

Queiroz, F. A. (2012). A hidropolítica platina no contexto do complexo regional de segurança da América do Sul: entre o conflito e a cooperação (1960-1979). Contexto Internacional, 34, 573-616.

Schulz, M. (1995). Turkey, Syria and Iraq: A hydropolitical security complex. In L. Ohlsson (Ed.), Hydropolitics: Conflicts over water as a development constraint. London: Zed Books.

Skocpol, T. & Somers, M. (1980). The use of comparative history in macro-social inquiry. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 22, 174-197.

Shuval, H. I. (2000). The water issues on the Jordan River Basin between Israel, Syria and Lebanon can be a motivation for peace and regional cooperation. In Green Cross International (Ed.), Water for peace in the Middle East and Southern Africa (pp. 39-55). Geneva: Green Cross International.

Tignino, M. (2010). Water, international peace and security. International Review of the Red Cross, 92(879), 647-74.

Tignino, M. (2014). The right to water and sanitation in post-conflict legal mechanisms: an emerging regime? In E. Weinthal, J. Troell & M. Nakayama (Eds.), Water and post-conflict peace building (pp. 383-402). New York: Earthscan.

Turton, A. R. (2001). Hydropolitics and security complex theory: an african perspective. Paper presented at the 4th Pan-European International Relations Conference, University of Kent, Canterbury (UK). Available at <http://www.up.ac.za/academic/libarts/polsci/awiru>.

Turton, A. R. (2002). River Basin commissions in Southern Africa. Paper presented at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg.

Turton, A. R. (2003). The political aspects of institutional developments in the water sector: South Africa and its international river basins (Doctoral Thesis). Faculty of Humanities, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.

Turton, A. R. (2005). A Critical assessment of the basins at risk in the Southern African hydropolitical complex. Paper presented at the Workshop on the Management of International Rivers and Lakes hosted by the Third World Centre for Water Management and Helsinki University of Technology, Finland.

Turton, A. R. (2006). Hydro-Hegemony and hydropolitical complex theory. Paper presented at the Second Hydro-Hegemony Workshop, London.

Turton, A. R. (2008). A South African perspective on a possible benefit‐sharing approach for transboundary waters in the SADC region. Water Alternatives, 1(2), 180‐200.

Turton, A. R. (2009). A Hydropolitical complex as a factor in the international relations of contemporary Southern Africa. (Cambridge Paper). Centre for International Political Studies (CIPS)/ African Water Issues Research Unit (AWIRU): University of Pretoria.

Turton, A. R. (2015). Hydropolitics and transboundary river basin management: nuances in the Southern African development community. In J. Grant, W. Compaoré & M. Mitchell (Eds.), New approaches to the governance of natural resources (pp. 224-244). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Turton, A. R., Patrick, M. J. & Julien, F. (2006). Transboundary water resources in Southern Africa: Conflict or cooperation? Society for International Development, 49(3), 22-31. Available at www.sidint.org/development

UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2003). Water for people, water for life: UN World Water Development Report. Paris.

UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2015). Relatório Mundial das Nações Unidas sobre o Desenvolvimento de Recursos Hídricos – Água para um mundo sustentável. Brasília. Available at <http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/images/WWDR2015ExecutiveSummary_POR_web.pdf>.

UNITAR – United Nations Institute for Trainingand Research. (2015). The Evolution of the International Regimen of Transboundary Water Resources. UNITAR.

United Nations. (2015). Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the Occupied Syrian Golan. (Report of the Secretary-General A/HRC/28/44). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Available at <http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSes-sions/Session28/Documents/A_HRC_28_44_en.doc> (acesso em Setembro, 2015).

Van Buuren, A. (2013). Knowledge for water governance: trends, limits, and challenges. International Journal of Water Governance, 1, 157–175. DOI: 10.7564/12-IJWG6.

Warner, J., Van Buuren, A. & Edelenbos, J. (2013). Making space for the river: governance experiences with multifunctional river flood management in the US and Europe. London: IWA Publishing

Wolf, A. T.; Yoffe, S. B. & Giordano, M. (2003). International waters: Identifying basins at risk. Water Policy, 5(1), 29-60.

Wolf, A. T. (1995). Hydropolitics along the Jordan River: Scarce water and its impact on the Arab-Israeli conflict. Tokyo: The United Nations University Press.

Wolf, A. T., & Joshua T. N. (2008). Case studies of transboundary dispute resolution: the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. In J. D. Priscolli & A. T. Wolf (Eds.), Managing and transforming water conflicts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Zeitoun, M. & Warner, J. (2006). Hydro-hegemony – a framework for analysis of trans-boundary water conflicts. Water Policy, 8, 435–460.

At the moment of the article submission, it is required to the author(s) declare to agree with the conditions and norms of Political Observer - Revista Portuguesa de Ciência Política, as well as guaranteeing the inedited and original character of the text submitted to scientific evolution. Thus, the author(s) declare to accept the instructions and conditions of publication of the journal, sharing with this the author’s rights, respecting the duties of copyright and ceding to the journal the rights over the first publication of the text in its printed and digital version.

This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. The partial or integral publication and sharing of the text (in institutional repositories, book chapters, periodical publications, social media and professional platforms in the areas of science and research, among others) determines the quotation of the initial publication in the journal and the hyperlinking to the website of Political Observer - Revista Portuguesa de Ciência Política, resorting, to that effect, to the available information in the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) system.

Political Observer incentives the sharing and distribution of the work published by the authors in the journal, raising the impact factors and the number of registered quotes, this way contributing to an open (https://www.ciencia-aberta.pt/) and accessible science (http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/open-science-movement/). Published works are under a Creative Commons License - Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International .

Licença Creative Commons